For an interface, the adsorption or surface excess of a given component is defined as the difference between the amount of component actually present in the system, and that which would be present (in a reference system) if the bulk concentration in the adjoining phases were maintained up to a chosen geometrical dividing surface (Gibbs dividing surface). For a solid/liquid interface in which no component of the liquid phase penetrates into the solid, the surface excess (or adsorption) of component i is defined as: \[n_{i}^{\sigma }=n_{i}- V^{\rm{l}}\ c_{i}^{\rm{l}}\] where \(n_{i}\) is the total amount of i in the system, \(V^{\rm{l}}\) is the volume of an arbitrarily chosen amount of bulk liquid (in the framework of the so-called algebraic method) and \(c_{i}^{\rm{l}}\) is its bulk concentration in the liquid.