rules of practical causal inference

https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.15006
Fox’s rules of practical causal inference that are used in ecotoxicology (environmental epidemiology) to infer causality for toxicant exposure/effect scenarios.
Note: The rules apply the following criteria for objectively evaluating the relationship between a suspect cause and a chronic effect: (1) probability, (2) time order, (3) strength of association, (4) specificity, (5) consistency on replication, (6) predictive performance, and (7) coherence.
Source:
PAC, 2009, 81, 829. (Glossary of terms used in ecotoxicology (IUPAC Recommendations 2009)) on page 941 [Terms] [Paper]
Citation: 'rules of practical causal inference' in IUPAC Compendium of Chemical Terminology, 5th ed. International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry; 2025. Online version 5.0.0, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.15006 RIS BibTex EndNote
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