substoichiometric extraction

https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.S06080
@S05752@ in which the amount of @R05190@ used is lower than that dictated by @S06026@. If the constants of formation and @E02301@ of the complexes are high, the amount of extracted metal is dictated by the amount of @E02299@ introduced.
Source:
PAC, 1993, 65, 2373. (Nomenclature for liquid-liquid distribution (solvent extraction) (IUPAC Recommendations 1993)) on page 2379 [Terms] [Paper]