The recombination of a pair of ions R⁺ and Z⁻ formed from ionization of RZ. If the ions are paired as a tight ion pair and recombine without prior separation into a loose ion pair this is called 'internal ion-pair return': It is a special case of 'primary geminate recombination'. If the ions are paired as a loose ion pair and form the covalent chemical species via a tight ion pair, this is called 'external ion-pair return': It is a special case of 'secondary geminate recombination'. When the covalent molecule RZ is reformed without direct evidence of prior partial racemization or without other direct evidence of prior formation of a tight ion pair, (e.g. without partial racemization if the group R is suitably chiral) the internal ion-pair return is sometimes called a 'hidden return'. External (unimolecular) ion-pair return is to be distinguished from 'external (bimolecular) ion return', the (reversible) process whereby dissociated ions are converted into loose ion pairs: