A molecular entity comprising a cyclic or polycyclic assembly of binding sites that contains three or more binding sites held together by covalent bonds, and which defines a molecular cavity in such a way as to bind (and thus 'hide' in the cavity) another molecular entity, the guest (a cation, an anion or a neutral species), more strongly than do the separate parts of the assembly (at the same total concentration of binding sites). The adduct thus formed is called a 'cryptate'. The term is usually restricted to bicyclic or oligocyclic molecular entities. Example: Corresponding monocyclic ligand assemblies crowns are sometimes included in this group, if they can be considered to define a cavity in which a guest can hide. The terms 'podand' and 'spherand' are used for certain specific ligand assemblies. Coplanar cyclic polydentate ligands, such as porphyrins, are not normally regarded as cryptands.