{"term":{"id":"10012","title":"examination bias","longtitle":"IUPAC Gold Book - examination bias","doi":"10.1351\/goldbook.10012","code":"10012","status":"current","definitions":[{"id":1,"text":"Estimate of a systematic examination error.","notes":{"1":"Examination bias is a quantity.","2":"If the proportion distributions of the reference nominal property values and the examined values are the same, there is no examination bias for the examining system. If the distributions differ there is an examination bias.","3":"In some publications on analytical chemistry, \"examination bias\" is termed \"lack of reliability\", but this is not recommended here."},"exams":{"1":"53 examined values were obtained with a reference examination procedure, 106 were obtained by Examination procedure 1 and with Examination procedure 2. Examination procedure 1 resulted in examined values with the same proportion distribution as for the Reference examination procedure, and the examined values have thus no examination bias. The 106 examined values with Examination procedure 2 have a different distribution compared to that of the reference nominal property values, and the examined values thus have an examination bias. [table] One estimate of examination bias for nominal properties is the Bhattacharyya distance, which measures the similarity of two nominal data sets. It equals zero when two proportion distributions are identical as is the case when comparing Examination procedure 1 and Reference examination procedure. There is an examination bias between Examination procedure 2 and Reference examination procedure, because the proportion distributions are different."},"links":[{"term":"examined values","url":"https:\/\/goldbook.iupac.org\/\/terms\/view\/10000"},{"term":"examining system","url":"https:\/\/goldbook.iupac.org\/\/terms\/view\/09986"},{"term":"nominal properties","url":"https:\/\/goldbook.iupac.org\/\/terms\/view\/09979"},{"term":"reference examination procedure","url":"https:\/\/goldbook.iupac.org\/\/terms\/view\/10022"},{"term":"reference nominal property values","url":"https:\/\/goldbook.iupac.org\/\/terms\/view\/09998"},{"term":"systematic examination error","url":"https:\/\/goldbook.iupac.org\/\/terms\/view\/10011"}],"sources":["PAC, 2018, 90, 913. 'Vocabulary on nominal property, examination, and related concepts for clinical laboratory sciences (IFCC-IUPAC Recommendations 2017)' on page 926 (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1515\/pac-2011-0613)"]}],"altoutputs":{"html":"https:\/\/goldbook.iupac.org\/terms\/view\/10012\/html","xml":"https:\/\/goldbook.iupac.org\/terms\/view\/10012\/xml","plain":"https:\/\/goldbook.iupac.org\/terms\/view\/10012\/plain"},"citation":"Citation: 'examination bias' in IUPAC Compendium of Chemical Terminology, 5th ed. International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry; 2025. Online version 5.0.0, 2025. 10.1351\/goldbook.10012","license":"The IUPAC Gold Book is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike CC BY-SA 4.0 International (https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/) for individual terms.","collection":"If you are interested in licensing the Gold Book for commercial use, please contact the IUPAC Executive Director at executivedirector@iupac.org .","disclaimer":"The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) is continuously reviewing and, where needed, updating terms in the Compendium of Chemical Terminology (the IUPAC Gold Book). Users of these terms are encouraged to include the version of a term with its use and to check regularly for updates to term definitions that you are using.","accessed":"2026-05-06T17:48:43+00:00"}}