Title: systematic examination error
Long Title: IUPAC Gold Book - systematic examination error
DOI: 10.1351/goldbook.10011
Status: current

Definition
Fraction of examined values with examination error that in replicate examinations remains constant or varies in a predictable manner.

Notes
1) Systematic examination errors for examined values are quantities.
2) The systematic examination error for examined values can be expressed for a set of examined values as examination bias.
3) Systematic examination error is a feature of an examining system used with a specified examination procedure.

Example
The reference nominal property value is "B". The following number of examined values were obtained in one set of examinations: 8 times "B", 9 times "C", 8 times "D", 4 times "E". In another set the following values were obtained: 16 times "B", 9 times "C", and 4 times "E". Narrative expression: The systematic examination error is that "C" and "E" are found in replicate examinations and neither represents a reference nominal property value.

Related Terms
- examination bias: https://goldbook.iupac.org//terms/view/10012
- examination error: https://goldbook.iupac.org//terms/view/10005
- examination procedure: https://goldbook.iupac.org//terms/view/09990
- examinations: https://goldbook.iupac.org//terms/view/09984
- examined values: https://goldbook.iupac.org//terms/view/10000
- examining system: https://goldbook.iupac.org//terms/view/09986
- reference nominal property value: https://goldbook.iupac.org//terms/view/09998

Source
- PAC, 2018, 90, 913. 'Vocabulary on nominal property, examination, and related concepts for clinical laboratory sciences (IFCC-IUPAC Recommendations 2017)' on page 926 (https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2011-0613)

Other Outputs
- html: https://goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/10011/html
- json: https://goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/10011/json
- xml: https://goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/10011/xml

Citation: Citation: 'systematic examination error' in IUPAC Compendium of Chemical Terminology, 5th ed. International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry; 2025. Online version 5.0.0, 2025. 10.1351/goldbook.10011
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Accessed: 2026-05-06T16:53:56+00:00