{"term":{"id":"09328","title":"electron retardation","longtitle":"IUPAC Gold Book - electron retardation","doi":"10.1351\/goldbook.09328","code":"09328","status":"current","definitions":[{"id":1,"text":"In Auger electron spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, measurement method for kinetic energy distribution by retarding the emitted electrons before or within the electron energy analyser.","links":[{"term":"Auger electron spectroscopy","url":"https:\/\/goldbook.iupac.org\/\/terms\/view\/09172"},{"term":"electron energy analyser","url":"https:\/\/goldbook.iupac.org\/\/terms\/view\/09325"}],"sources":["PAC, 2020, 92, 1781. 'Glossary of methods and terms used in surface chemical analysis (IUPAC Recommendations 2020)' on page 1825 (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1515\/pac-2019-0404)"]}],"altoutputs":{"html":"https:\/\/goldbook.iupac.org\/terms\/view\/09328\/html","xml":"https:\/\/goldbook.iupac.org\/terms\/view\/09328\/xml","plain":"https:\/\/goldbook.iupac.org\/terms\/view\/09328\/plain"},"citation":"Citation: 'electron retardation' in IUPAC Compendium of Chemical Terminology, 5th ed. International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry; 2025. Online version 5.0.0, 2025. 10.1351\/goldbook.09328","license":"The IUPAC Gold Book is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike CC BY-SA 4.0 International (https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/) for individual terms.","collection":"If you are interested in licensing the Gold Book for commercial use, please contact the IUPAC Executive Director at executivedirector@iupac.org .","disclaimer":"The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) is continuously reviewing and, where needed, updating terms in the Compendium of Chemical Terminology (the IUPAC Gold Book). Users of these terms are encouraged to include the version of a term with its use and to check regularly for updates to term definitions that you are using.","accessed":"2026-04-20T14:14:26+00:00"}}