{"term":{"id":"08062","title":"cause-and-effect diagram","longtitle":"IUPAC Gold Book - cause-and-effect diagram","doi":"10.1351\/goldbook.08062","code":"08062","status":"current","synonym":"<em>synonyms<\/em>: fishbone diagram, herringbone diagram, Ishikawa diagram","definitions":[{"id":1,"text":"Diagram indicating the causes of a specific event or condition.","notes":{"1":"In analytical chemistry, Ishikawa diagrams are used to indicate sources of measurement uncertainty. See Fig. 1. Figure 1: Ishikawa diagram for the titration of a hydrochloric acid solution with sodium hydroxide solution that has been standardized using potassium hydrogen phthalate (KHP). When used for identification of sources of measurement uncertainty, the diagram illustrates how the quantity value of the measurand (\\(c_{\\ce{HCl}}\\)) depends on input quantities in a measurement model (symbols in bold), which in turn depend on other quantities. Symbols have their usual meanings. \\(f_{\\rm{precision}}\\) is a is a factor in the measurement function to account for measurement precision with value 1 and standard measurement uncertainty."},"links":[{"term":"analytical chemistry","url":"https:\/\/goldbook.iupac.org\/\/terms\/view\/08003"}],"sources":["PAC, 2021, 93, 997. 'Metrological and quality concepts in analytical chemistry (IUPAC Recommendations 2021)' on page 1021 (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1515\/pac-2019-0819)"]}],"altoutputs":{"html":"https:\/\/goldbook.iupac.org\/terms\/view\/08062\/html","xml":"https:\/\/goldbook.iupac.org\/terms\/view\/08062\/xml","plain":"https:\/\/goldbook.iupac.org\/terms\/view\/08062\/plain"},"citation":"Citation: 'cause-and-effect diagram' in IUPAC Compendium of Chemical Terminology, 5th ed. International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry; 2025. Online version 5.0.0, 2025. 10.1351\/goldbook.08062","license":"The IUPAC Gold Book is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike CC BY-SA 4.0 International (https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/) for individual terms.","collection":"If you are interested in licensing the Gold Book for commercial use, please contact the IUPAC Executive Director at executivedirector@iupac.org .","disclaimer":"The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) is continuously reviewing and, where needed, updating terms in the Compendium of Chemical Terminology (the IUPAC Gold Book). Users of these terms are encouraged to include the version of a term with its use and to check regularly for updates to term definitions that you are using.","accessed":"2026-07-26T03:30:58+00:00"}}